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Lasertron works by combining three well researched modalities that influence cell metabolism and growth-laser therapy, microcurrent therapy, and iontophoresis of saw palmetto extract. This report seeks to offer evidence of the effectiveness of each of these modalities alone, which when combined into one treatment offer the opportunity to finally effectively treat male pattern baldness or androgenic alopecia. NOTE: Many manufacturers of hair growth products, including lasers, quote outlandish results from un-published studies This report only cites studies that have been published in peer-reviewed medical journals.

Low level laser therapy

Many studies have been done on low level laser therapy (LLHT) and its effect on human tissues.

One study has been published on the specific use of LLHT on hair regrowth. In this study, Satino (2003) found that using a portable laser brush (Hairmax) over a six-month period beneficially increased hair counts and hair tensile strength in all 35 patients with androgenic alopecia.

Specific cellular actions of LLHT Protein synthesis energy stimulation-Hawkins (2006) tested a low level laser set at 632.8 nm and its effect on human fibroblasts. The conclusion was that LLLT at a dosage of 5 J/cm2 "stimulated mitochondrial activity (increase of cellular ATP energy molecules) which leads to normalization of cell function and ultimately stimulates cell proliferation and migration of wounded fibroblasts." Lyons (1987) treated mice with LLHT and studied increases in protein synthesis in the treated areas. He concluded that total protein content and tensile strength was significantly increased after two months. Angiogenesis (increase in the blood supply by formation of new capillaries)-In another published study by Kipshidze (2001) the angiogenic properties of LLHT were studied. A 632 nm laser was used on cell cultures with measurements taken. The study showed that vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor were stimulated by the laser with resultant increase in human endothelial cells that make new blood vessels. Similarly a study by Schindl (2003) showed that LLHT at 670 nm induced angenesis by increasing endothelial cell proliferation. Agaiby (2000) proved that LLHT stimulates lymphocytes to produce angiogenic factors, leading to increased endothelial cell proliferation. Keratinocyte stimulation-Haas (1990) published a study that showed a low energy laser at a very low dosage (0.8 J/cm2) markedly increased the motility of human skin keratinocytes. In a follow-up study by Yu (1996), two important growth factors that influence keratinocyte production and motility were stimulated by low-energy lasers.

Microcurrent therapy

There are many published articles on the actions of microcurrent therapy on cells. Those actions that would apply to scalp hair loss and regeneration of scalp hair follicle cells and their activity are presented here.

Anti-inflammatory-Numerous studies on various medical conditions have shown anti-inflammatory effects of microcurrent. Taskan (1997) showed that a 300 microamp direct current, starting with cathodal treatment decreases inflammation in a chronic wound as well as the stimulating the proliferative phase.

Cell migration-In numerous studies, fibroblasts have been shown to migrate toward the cathode (Erickson 1984, Canaday 1993, , McCaig 2005). These studies include low-level direct microcurrent therapy at levels from 40-300 microamps, currents identical to that used in the Lasertron. Fibroblasts are responsible for protein synthesis and repair.

Protein Synthesis-Much evidence has been published to show that protein synthesis by fibroblasts is increased by exogenous electrical stimulation. Microcurrent stimulation (Cheng 1982) has been shown to increase collagen synthesis and increase ATP production (energy molecules) by fibroblasts. Dunn (1988) showed that fibroblast ingrowth was stimulated with direct currents between 20-100 microamps. Maximum growth was near the cathode at a current of 100 microamps. In another study (Canseven 1996), rabbit wounds were treated with direct currents between 200 and 400 microamps with increased hydroxyproline content found in the treated skin versus control at the end of 72 hours, indicating promotion of protein synthesis. Angiogenesis (increase in the blood supply by formation of new capillaries)-In several recent studies, electrical stimulation is presented as a promising approach for therapeutic angiogenesis (Kanno 1999; Patterson 1999;Bai 2004). Weak pulsatile electric stimulation caused significant increases in blood flow and capillary density in the ischemic limb of a rat because it stimulated VEGF secretion from muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Muscle contraction was not needed. In a recent study (Zhao 2004) a direct effect of this type of electrical stimulation on endothelial cells was shown. In the Zhao study, the small physiological electric field (100-200mV/cm, equivalent to 75-150 microamps direct current) markedly stimulated release of VEGF from cultured endothelial cells and the ensuing activation of VEGF receptors and associated signaling elements promoted cell elongation, cell reorientation and directed cell migration, all of which are central to angiogenesis. In other studies, direct pulsed microcurrent stimulation, both positive and negative are shown to be equally effective for angiogenesis as evidenced by increase of transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen (PtcO2) and increased capillary perfusion. To summarize, we will quote one of the studies done on microcurrent therapy for healing (Gentzkow 1993): Based on the latest scientific understanding of the healing process, one would expect a beneficial outcome from a therapy that decreases edema, debrides necrotic tissue, attracts neutrophils and macrophages, stimulates receptor sites for growth factors, stimulates growth of fibroblasts and granulation tissue, increases blood flow, stimulates neurite growth, induces epidermal cell migration, prevents post- ischemic oxygen radical-mediated damage, inhibits bacteria, and reduces numbers of mast cells.

All of these factors will assist in repairing the damaged hair follicles.

Saw Palmetto

In numerous studies, the liposterolic extract of the Saw palmetto plant (also called serenoa repens and the trade name Permixon) has been shown to effectively reduce the formation of DHT by inhibiting both types of 5 alpha reductase and by reducing the uptake or binding of DHT by the cells.

Recently, Prager (2002) ran a double-blind controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of saw palmetto extract in the treatment of androgenic alopecia. The results of this trial showed a highly positive response to treatment compared to the control with 60% of the subjects rated as improved hair growth.

Iehle (1995) compared the effectiveness of saw palmetto extract and finasteride (Propecia) in inhibiting the conversion of testosterone into DHT. The study showed that saw palmetto inhibits both types of 5-alpha reductase while finasteride only inhibits type 2. The "potency" of saw palmetto was also greater than finasteride.

Delos (1995) showed similar results studying the effectiveness of finasteride and saw palmetto extract. In this study, finasteride inhibited several testosterone metabolites, while saw palmetto inhibited all of the testosterone metabolites studied. Likewise, Raynaud (2002) showed that the fatty acid extract of saw palmetto was an effective reductase type 1 and 2 inhibitor.

El-Sheikh (1988) showed that saw palmetto (Permixon) reduced the update (cell binding) of both DHT and testosterone by 40+% in all tissue specimens studied. The conclusion was that Permixon could be a useful treatment for hirsutism and virilism. Sultan (1984) published a study that revealed that serenoa repens extract inhibits 5 alpha-reductase, 3-ketosteroid reductase and receptor binding of androgens in cultured human fibroblasts.

Two studies by Vela-Navarrete (2003, 2005) suggest that Permixon effectively reduces inflammation in prostatic disease, an additional effect of saw palmetto beyond its ability to block DHT production and cell binding.

References

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